translated title

translated article in markdown format

We must not output JSON or code blocks.

We need to translate title, summary, and article content, preserving markdown tags like

,

,

,

,
,
• , , etc. We should translate text inside those tags but keep tags.

  We must ensure summary <160 Chinese characters. Let's craft summary: "学习如何通过质押、借贷平台和联盟计划获得稳定的加密货币收益，并掌握降低风险、提高收益的实用技巧。" Let's count characters: 学(1)习2? Actually Chinese characters count each glyph. Let's count: 学习如何通过质押、借贷平台和联盟计划获得稳定的加密货币收益，并掌握降低风险、提高收益的实用技巧。 Count: 学习(2) 如何(2) 通过(2) 质押、(2) 借贷(2) 平台(2) 和(2) 联盟(2) 计划(2) 获得(2) 稳定(2) 的(1) 加密货币(3) 收益(2)，并(2) 掌握(2) 降低(2) 风险、(2) 提高(2) 收益(2) 的(1) 实用(2) 技巧(2)。 Total maybe around 50, fine.

  Now translate article. We'll keep headings

  etc. We'll translate paragraphs.

  Let's do step by step.

  Original Title: Earn Passive Income in Crypto: Staking, Lending & Affiliate Strategies

  Translate: "在加密货币中赚取被动收入：质押、借贷及联盟策略" maybe.

  Better: "在加密货币中赚取被动收入：质押、借贷及联盟计划". Use Chinese.

  Now content translation.

  We need to keep HTML tags. We'll translate text inside.

  Let's produce.

  We'll start with

  Introduction

  ->

  引言

  Paragraph: "Cryptocurrency markets are notorious for volatility, but they also offer several passive income avenues that let you earn yields without constantly trading. Three of the most accessible methods are staking, crypto lending, and affiliate programs. Each comes with its own risk profile, required capital, and potential returns. This guide breaks down how each works, offers practical steps to get started, and highlights risk‑management tactics so you can build a diversified passive‑income stream in crypto."

  Translate: "加密货币市场以波动著称，但它们也提供了几种被动收入途径，让您无需频繁交易即可获得收益。最易于使用的三种方法是质押、加密借贷和联盟计划。每种方法都有其自身的风险特征、所需资本和潜在回报。本指南将逐一说明它们的工作原理，提供实用的入门步骤，并强调风险管理策略，以帮助您在加密货币领域构建多元化的被动收入流。"

  Now

  Staking: Earning Rewards for Securing Networks

  translate: "

  质押：通过保障网络赚取奖励

  "

  What is staking?

  -> "

  什么是质押？

  "

  Paragraph: "Staking involves locking up a proof‑of‑stake (PoS) token in a wallet or on a platform to help validate transactions. In return, the network distributes newly minted tokens or a portion of transaction fees as rewards."

  Translate: "质押涉及将权益证明（PoS）代币锁定在钱包或平台上，以帮助验证交易。作为回报，网络会发放新铸造的代币或一部分交易费用作为奖励。"

  How to start staking

  -> "

  如何开始质押？

  "

  Then

  list items.

  We need to translate each

  1. content but keep tags.

     Item1: "Choose a PoS asset – Popular options include Ethereum (ETH) after its Merge, Cardano (ADA), Solana (SOL), Polkadot (DOT), and Avalanche (AVAX). "

     Translate: "选择PoS资产 – 常见选项包括以太坊（ETH）在其合并后、卡尔达诺（ADA）、索拉纳（SOL）、波卡（DOT）和雪崩（AVAX）。 "

     Item2: "Select a staking method – You can stake directly via a non‑custodial wallet (e.g., Ledger, Exodus), use a centralized exchange (Binance, Coinbase), or delegate to a staking service provider (Staked, Figment). "

     Translate: "选择质押方式 – 您可以通过非托管钱包（如Ledger、Exodus）直接质押，使用中心化交易所（币安、Coinbase），或委托给质押服务提供商（Staked、Figment）。 "

     Item3: "Meet the minimum – Some networks require a minimum amount (e.g., 32 ETH for solo staking on Ethereum). If you don’t meet the threshold, consider pooled staking services that aggregate smaller holdings. "

     Translate: "满足最低要求 – 一些网络要求最低数量（例如，在以太坊上单独质押需要32 ETH）。如果您未达到门槛，可考虑汇总小额持仓的质押池服务。 "

     Item4: "Monitor rewards and fees – Reward rates typically range from 3%–12% APY, but watch out for validator commissions or platform fees that can eat into yields."

     Translate: "监控奖励和费用 – 奖励率通常在3%–12%年化收益率（APY）之间，但需注意验证人佣金或平台费用可能侵蚀收益。"

     Now

     Practical tips

     -> "

     实用技巧

     "
     items. Item1: "Diversify across chains – Staking multiple assets reduces exposure to any single network’s slashing risk. " Translate: "跨链多样化 – 质押多种资产可降低对单一网络惩罚风险的敞口。 " Item2: "Stay updated on upgrades – Protocol changes (e.g., Ethereum’s Shanghai upgrade) can affect withdrawal timelines and reward structures. " Translate: "关注升级动态 – 协议更新（例如以太坊的上海升级）可能影响提取时间表和奖励结构。 " Item3: "Consider liquid staking – Platforms like Lido or Rocket Pool issue derivative tokens (stETH, rETH) that represent your staked position and can be used in DeFi while still earning staking rewards." Translate: "考虑流动性质押 – 如Lido或Rocket Pool等平台会发行代表您质押头寸的衍生代币（stETH、rETH），这些代币可在DeFi中使用，同时仍可获得质押奖励。" Now

     Crypto Lending: Putting Your Idle Assets to Work

     translate: "

     加密借贷：让闲置资产发挥作用

     "

     How lending works

     -> "

     借贷如何运作？

     " Paragraph: "You deposit cryptocurrencies into a lending platform, which then loans those assets to borrowers (often traders seeking leverage). In exchange, you earn interest paid in the same token or a stablecoin." Translate: "您将加密货币存入借贷平台，平台随后将这些资产贷给借款人（通常是寻求杠杆的交易者）。作为回报，您会获得以相同代币或稳定币形式支付的利息。"

     Getting started

     -> "

     如何开始？

     "
     items. Item1: "Pick a reputable platform – Centralized options include Nexo, BlockFi, and Crypto.com; decentralized alternatives are Aave, Compound, and MakerDAO. " Translate: "选择信誉良好的平台 – 集中化选项包括Nexo、BlockFi和Crypto.com；去中心化替代方案有Aave、Compound和MakerDAO。 " Item2: "Choose the asset – Stablecoins (USDC, USDT, DAI) usually offer the lowest volatility and yields of 4%–8% APY. Volatile assets like BTC or ETH can fetch higher rates but come with price risk. " Translate: "选择资产 – 稳定币（USDC、USDT、DAI）通常提供最低波动率和4%–8%年化收益率（APY）。波动性资产如BTC或ETH可获得更高利率，但伴随价格风险。 " Item3: "Understand collateral requirements – Borrowers must over‑collateralize loans (often 150%+). This protects lenders but means platform risk is tied to the quality of collateral management. " Translate: "了解抵押要求 – 借款人必须超额抵押贷款（通常150%+）。这保护了贷款人，但意味着平台风险与抵押品管理的质量挂钩。 " Item4: "Check withdrawal terms – Some platforms impose lock‑up periods or notice periods; ensure they match your liquidity needs." Translate: "检查提取条款 – 某些平台设有锁定期或通知期；请确保它们符合您的流动性需求。" Now

     Practical advice

     -> "

     实用建议

     "
     items. Item1: "Earn in stablecoins – If you want predictable income, lend stablecoins and either keep the earnings or convert them to your preferred asset. " Translate: "以稳定币赚取收益 – 若您希望获得可预测收入，可借出稳定币，并保留收益或将其转换为您偏好的资产。 " Item2: "Use insurance funds – Platforms like Nexus Mutual offer coverage against smart‑contract failures; consider allocating a small portion of your lending capital to insurance. " Translate: "使用保险基金 – 如Nexus Mutual等平台提供针对智能合约失败的保障；建议将借贷资金的一小部分用于保险。 " Item3: "Watch interest rate spreads – Rates fluctuate with market demand; periodically re‑allocate to the highest‑yielding, still‑safe option." Translate: "关注利率差距 – 利率随市场需求波动；定期重新分配至仍然安全且收益最高的选项。" Now

     Affiliate Programs: Earning by Referring Others

     translate: "

     联盟计划：通过推荐他人赚取收益

     "

     Why affiliate programs work

     -> "

     联盟计划为何有效？

     " Paragraph: "Many crypto exchanges, wallets, and DeFi protocols run affiliate (or referral) programs that pay you a commission for each new user who signs up and trades or deposits funds via your unique link." Translate: "